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As a second measure of selection strength, we calculated the proportional contribution of increased fitness to total fitness measured at the end of the evolution trajectory (relW/ w end ).
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as what should be the first step of selection.
S: Mean selection coefficient; a measure of selection strength.
Let F sel be a measure of selection-induced DHW.
The second episode of selection measures reproductive success per pregnancy and suggests that larger males are receiving a greater number of eggs.
The direct selection hypothesis predicts that robustness should be greatest in genes that exhibit the highest measures of selection intensity.
Different measures of selection may be needed for variant prioritization under other modes of evolutionary selection.
Thus, in the first and second rounds of selection, the hydrolytic activity was measured using pNP-β-d-glucopyranoside as a substrate.
A second useful parameter gave an approximate measure of the selection pressure maintaining a potential matreshka: this was the number of amino acid positions where a stop codon could have arisen, truncating the matreshka but leaving the parent (RefSeq) protein sequence unaffected (see Methods for an explicit example), denoted here Nstop.
The second measure, 'Max ITR 90%', is based on only those numbers of iteration that result in a selection score of 90% or higher.
Changes in the rate of adaptation were measured by comparing the rate of evolutionary change during the first 500 generations of selection to that during the second 500 generations.
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