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Instead, PSO can employ some simplex method to guide its search direction while the local search can take the PSO search result as the initial point, due to the randomness of the particles' searching movement, the potential global optimal solution nearly may be skipped.
Either scale-free searching movement patterns or intermittent searching have been identified in a variety of animals [4], [6], [7], [8], [29], [30].
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If a female loses an egg sac, she will make searching movements and may pick up a pebble or a piece of paper and attach it to the spinnerets.
Antennae of males of a domestic roach, Periplaneta americana, have specialized sense organs that detect the odour of female P. americana pheromones; upon detection of the odour, the male initiates searching movements, first with the antennae, then with the palpi.
More recent versions of Walknet allow for searching movements when the agent is stepping into a hole.
Indeed, our finding that dispersal movements in the matrix are straighter than resource searching movements within habitat supports the prediction of simulation studies that adopting straight movements for dispersal reduces its costs in fragmented landscapes.
More recent versions of Walknet allow for continuation of the swing movement by searching movements when the agent is stepping into a hole (not depicted in Fig. 5, but see Dürr 2001; Bläsing 2006).
In related studies Matheson and Dürr (2003) describe leg movements in locust where the hind leg performs searching movements targeted to different positions on the wing defined by a tactile stimulus.
The other version uses an internal oscillator as part of Swing-net to produce searching movements of two different frequencies as observed in stick insects (Aretaon asperrimus) when trying to climb over large gaps (Bläsing 2006).
This type of migration was characterized by searching movements of growth-cone like cellular processes of individual cells, and it differed strongrowth-cone likeement pattern of transformed cellulares, which migrated as an entire gliding front resembling more an eprocesses-sheet amofboindividualll migration (Friedl and Wolf 2010; Rorth 2009).
Our results support the mounting evidence that dispersal in fragmented landscapes evolved towards the use of specific movement behaviour, different from explorative searching movements within habitat.
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