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Background context: Posterior screw placement techniques have been previously described.
Increasing screw placement accuracy would improve the outcomes.
Furthermore, it does not guarantee a completely safe and accurate screw placement.
All currently described percutaneous iliac screw placement methods are entirely dependent on fluoroscopy.
The effect of this on the accuracy of pedicle screw placement is not well described.
Spinal intraoperative computer-assisted navigation (CAN) may guide pedicle screw placement.
Theoretically, percutanous contralateral facet screw placement could provide supplemental construct support without additional surgical exposure.
An understanding of the potential structures at risk is paramount to safe screw placement.
Pedicle screw placement in the proximal thoracic spine may result in unwanted bicortical breach.
Recently, manufacturers have developed locking plates with polyaxial screw capabilities in order to optimise screw placement.
Unilateral surgical exposure for transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) allows ipsilateral pedicle screw placement.
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