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Duplicates were removed before final screening of articles for inclusion in the review.
Screening of articles was in two stages.
Screening of articles was conducted independently by HHB and AAK.
Both authors took part in the screening of articles based on the stated inclusion criteria.
The initial screening of articles was based on titles, and the second based on titles and abstracts.
PBarnes participated in the retrieval of articles, screening of articles, quality assessment, data extraction, and writing of manuscript.
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After screening of article titles and excluding spinal studies, 162 studies remained.
14 After removal of duplicate references, initial screening of article titles and abstracts was undertaken by members of the review team (DET, CLC, CELE, VJB).
The subsequent title screen of articles identified 304 potentially relevant titles for the abstract review stage.
An initial screen of article titles and abstracts was then performed to identify clinical trials of probiotics that studied lower GI symptoms in adults (≥18 years old).
After screening of the articles, we found the interventions in included articles were so varied in both the routes and doses of misoprostol that we could not carry out a direct comparison.
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