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As controls, we used either the same stimuli or point-light letters, presented in upright, inverted or scrambled configurations.
To the extent that this forestalls the otherwise deleterious effects of rearrangements, mutations to scrambled configurations would be neutral mutations subject to fixation by drift.
To understand this, we may note that for a ciliate gene, there is a single unscrambled configuration, and an enormous number of increasingly scrambled configurations (e.g., for n = 6 segments, there are 2n-1n! = 23040 configurations).
The ultimate cause of scrambling, in the CNE model, is not an adaptive rationale, but a dynamic in which a gratuitous unscrambling capacity opens the door for the system to wander into a morass of scrambled configurations.
Starting from scrambled configurations, the positions and orientations of the pol II subunits were optimized with a Monte Carlo procedure (which applies a large number of random movements guided by the input data), resulting in configurations that satisfied the input data well.
Similar(55)
Inferior temporal cortex neurons often respond to objects and not to low-level features, in that many respond to whole objects, but not to the parts presented individually nor to the parts presented with a scrambled configuration (Perrett et al. 1982 ; Rolls et al. 1994 ).
A third property is that inferior temporal cortex neurons often respond to objects and not to low-level features, in that many respond to whole objects, but not to the parts presented individually, nor to the parts presented with a scrambled configuration (Perrett et al. 1982; Rolls et al. 1994).
The challenge of restoring a scrambled cube to its original configuration is formidable, inasmuch as more than 1019 states can be reached from a given starting condition.
We used a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with species (human and monkey), expression (fear and chewing) and configuration (intact versus scrambled) as factors.
The third configuration involved a scrambled face, in which the eyebrows, nose, and mouth of an upright face were randomly rearranged, while the eye positions remained intact (Fig. 2).
Also, pSTS is more active with the scrambled motion than with a rigid translation which preserves the configuration of the human body but destroys biological kinematics [46].
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