Separate estimation, however, illustrates much better the differences between the training decision and the scope of employer-provided training.
It examines the effect of turnover on the scope of employers' CVT spending per worker, ct _inv, measured as the log of total direct expenditures for CVT in the year 2010, divided by the number of employees at the due date.
Such cases can depend on whether a judge or jury determines that the illegal actions were done within the "scope of employment" and that the employer should be held liable for an employee's actions, Slutkin said.
For example, an employer is liable for injuries caused by an employee while acting within the scope of employment and agents may bind the employer-principal to contracts.
"Even if an act is willful, reckless or criminal, so long as a person acts within the scope of their employer or in furtherance of business, the employer is liable," Slutkin said.
"Employers are liable for employees' torts committed within the scope of employment.
Because under the work-for-hire doctrine, employers own the intellectual property rights to works created by employees acting within the scope of their employment.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 broadened the scope of protection to private employers and educational establishments who receive federal funding [ 32].
The WEF said governments should assess whether a "rising tide lifts all boats" by looking at labour's share of national incomes, whether pay is linked to productivity, minimum wages, trade union density, the scope of collective bargaining and labour-employer cooperation.
A front-page article on Tuesday about an agreement between General Motors and the United Automobile Workers to curtail health benefits for employees and retirees misstated the scope of planned revisions at another big employer, SBC Communications.
A second way, followed by the United Kingdom since 1909 and by a number of state legislatures in the United States, has been to set up boards of representatives of the workers concerned and their employers, together with independent members, charged with determining rates of pay and hours of work that are legally binding as minimal on all employers within the scope of the board.
