Hunched around a table at a vodka bar in Hamburg, Jørn Hurum, a palaeontologist, was about to make the scientific gamble of his life.
He stated, "We may be grateful to Providence" that the German atomic bomb project had failed, and that the United States and its allies had "spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history and won".
Despite Europe's economic problems, members of the European Parliament have approved more public money for one of the most expensive scientific gambles of all time.
After 1940, because polls were perceived as more scientific, the gambling markets faded from public consciousness, says Strumpf.
It should be acknowledged that motivation to enrol in trials is complex and may include altruism, desire for improvement of one's own health, out of a sense of obligation to the doctor and the expectation of increasing scientific knowledge (Hussain-Gambles et al, 2004).
The extent to which temperatures increase and weather patterns shift and the potential consequences for human health, from heat-related deaths to the spread of vector-borne diseases, have been addressed in the scientific literature (Epstein 2005; Gamble et al. 2008; Patz and Kovats 2002).
The Patriots' loss also ruined countless entries in so-called survivor pools, a less scientific (and less regulated) gambling pursuit but one that nonetheless is incredibly popular.
"However, there is very little scientific evidence suggesting that gambling by itself is the primary source of depression, suicide, bankruptcy or crime, though it can be a contributing factor".
Like many other developing scientific fields, the evidence suggests that HTS are a gamble for those aspiring to a scientific career, in Italy and beyond.
"They'll sink or swim on those numbers," Brancati observed, "and they're gambling that the market will prefer truly scientific numbers that are lower, sometimes much lower, than those in other marketing, but that are, in fact, scientifically real.
In contrast, as Isaac Levi's classic Gambling With Truth (1967) argued, the cognitive aim of scientific inquiry has to be defined as a weighted combination of several different, and even conflicting, epistemic utilities.
