Such has been the centrality of the ideal of creativity that the concepts of revolution and rupture have become familiar tropes across the French humanities and social sciences, whether in politics, history, literature, philosophy, sociology, linguistics, psychology or anthropology.
That is to say, positivism "disenchants" nature along with everything that can be studied by the sciences, whether natural, social or human.
Theorizing and modeling are core activities across the sciences, whether old (e.g., relativity theory, evolutionary theory) or new (e.g., climate modeling, cognitive science, and systems biology).
When discussing patenting in the life sciences, whether as a critique or its relative merits as a means to encourage innovation, it is important to realize that there are other means whereby to establish ownership over biological objects.
Our analysis focuses on four key outcomes that we observe in the data: cumulative GPA, whether a student intending to major in the sciences persists in the sciences, whether a student graduates, and whether students achieve both science-persistence and graduation.
Several limitations may have affected our results that should be considered in future studies: (1) It is not yet clear (especially for the social sciences) whether citation impact is a good approximation of actual research impact and of the role of research in scientific advancements [32], [33].
