In the social sciences, estimating causal effects is particularly difficult.
The team, led by Richard L. Neitzel, an assistant professor of environmental health sciences, estimated that nearly one-third of Americans are exposed to noise levels deemed injurious to hearing by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAa)—a 24-hour average noise level exceeding 70dBAA.
The paper by the Affymetrix scientists, which was published yesterday in the journal Science, estimates there might be 10 times as much DNA being made into RNA than can be explained by known genes.
(An analysis by AAAS, the publisher of Science, estimates that nondefense research spending could drop by 27% under the Ryan budget).
A study published Thursday in Science estimates that roughly 11.1 billion pieces of pathogen-carrying plastic are affecting coral reefs in the Pacific.
A recent study from the Journal Science estimated that between five and 12 million metric tons of plastic enter our ocean every year.
The science-based estimates in the Stern Review, which the article calls "apocalyptic," imply losses of 5 to 20 percent of world output from global warming.
Steve Jenkins, the company's chief science officer, estimates a household launch to be three to five years away and expects the appliance will be sold to consumers in a way that is as disruptive as the technology behind it.
Based on the work of environmental scientists, economists and other experts, the report acknowledges that "prediction is not an exact science" but estimates that the gulf should recover by the end of 2012.
Likewise, John Holdren, the top White House science adviser, estimates that solving problems of climate change would cost the United States 2percentt of our gross domestic product by the year 2050, but that not solving those problems would damage the economy by 20percentto30percentcent of G.D.P. Technology will solve our problems.
