It has become the overarching theoretical framework for the biological sciences, enabling Theodosius Dobzhansky (1973) to say almost forty years ago that "nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".
Genetics has undergone a high-throughput revolution, with genomic sciences enabling the rapid acquisition of genome-wide gene-expression profiles, polymorphisms and, more recently, whole genome sequences [ 9].
If application of evolutionary theory to medical sciences enables a predictive framework for long-term host pathogen interactions, it also provides interesting possibilities for design of medical and public health protection measures (39 ).
For example, physical laboratory experiences in science enable students to interact with observable scientific phenomena, but students often fail to make connections to underlying molecular-level behaviors.
Recent advances in the field of cluster science enable us to overcome the quantity gap and create a well-defined cluster films of several monolayer thickness with atomic precision within few hours.
Conceptually, reductionism is the greatest triumph of modern science, enabling multifaceted problems to be reduced to their constituent molecules.
There will surely be a widening gulf between what science enables us to do, and what applications it's prudent or ethical to pursue.
But the physician's knowledge of basic science enabled him to see the value of his patient's scheme, and he became one of Kelly's strongest supporters.
The scientific byways, and possible medical uses, are more intriguing to him: the hipster I.P.A. quaffers are, in effect, advancing the frontiers of pure science, enabling the sequencing of the hop genome, and funding ethnobotanical excursions.
