Loss of memory reportedly is minimal for "severe injuries", defined in the US as "injuries resulting in at least 1 bed day, 1 school loss day, surgery, or hospitalization" (Harel et al. 1994).
Work and school loss accounted for the greatest percentage of indirect costs.
The chi-square statistic for comparing duration, doctor-visit, father's work loss, and child's school loss coefficients was 23.42 (degrees of freedom = 5).
Secondary outcomes include length and severity of pulmonary exacerbation episodes, changes in growth, school loss, respiratory symptoms, forced expiratory volume in 1-second (FEV1; for children ≥6 years), and sputum characteristics.
The suite of health effects included mortality from all causes (all-cause mortality), nonaccidental mortality, hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses, emergency room (ER) visits for asthma, school loss days; and minor restricted activity days [see Supplemental Material, Table S1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104271) for study details].
Avoided morbidities were variable with large numbers of school-loss days and acute respiratory symptoms (Table 4).
For example, the U.S. EPA estimated 450 avoided premature mortalities and 1.1 million avoided school-loss days based on a 65-ppb standard, whereas we estimated 1,700 avoided premature mortalities and 3.7 million avoided school-loss days under a 60-ppb standard.
To do this, we estimated the number of families with school-age children in which both parents work, and we valued a school-loss day as the probability that such a day also would result in a work-loss day.
This information may lead to important findings such as identifying those most at risk of school removal as well as subsequent long-term developmental trajectories associated with school losses.
Acute respiratory symptoms would have been reduced by 3 million cases and school-loss days by 1 million cases annually if the current 75-ppb standard had been attained.
