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This may be a case where de facto schooling norms and de jure schooling regulations differ.
All 4 countries have compulsory schooling regulations that relax at the minimum age of employment.
We find evidence consistent with binding compulsory schooling regulations in one country, Burundi, where the law may interfere with our ability to infer whether minimum age regulations bind.
Likewise, if minimum age regulations bind and relax before compulsory schooling regulations are relaxed, then the assumption of smooth age trends in estimating the impact of easing compulsory schooling would be incorrect.
Compulsory schooling regulations are sometimes based on grade completion, in which case we have translated that grade to an age using the rates of school completion reported by UNESCO (see the appendix).
In fact, we find that the changes in paid employment are 9 times larger in magnitude in the pooled data in the selected group of countries where minimum age of employment and compulsory schooling regulations coincide compared to countries where schooling is not compulsory at the minimum age of employment.
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Four countries do not have any compulsory schooling regulation.
However, there is no evidence in Trinidad and Tobago of binding compulsory schooling regulation in the discussion below.
Compulsory schooling regulation, which co-exists with minimum age regulation in many countries, presents both an econometric and interpretive problem in our results.
For example, if compulsory schooling relaxes before the minimum age and compulsory schooling regulation is binding, then the assumption of smooth age trends in estimating the impact of easing minimum age regulation would be incorrect.
Hence, while overall, we find little to suggest a role for minimum age of employment regulation, as enforced, in combating child labor, there may be some benefit to coordinating employment and schooling regulation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com