Cases and controls were also similar with regard to the distribution of age, parity, years of schooling, prevalence of diabetes, stroke, allergy, asthma, and use of NSAIDs, statins, anti-asthmatics and antihistamines, and HRT (Table 1).
Cases and controls were also similar with regard to the distribution of age, parity, years of schooling, prevalence of diabetes, and use of aspirin, selective Cox2 inhibitors, NA-NSAIDs, and HRT, but not stroke (Table 1).
Our regression analysis suggests that separate estimates of school prevalence by Kato-Katz and by POC-CCA are significantly correlated (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001).
The same procedure was also used in a second model where school prevalence of S. haematobium was dichotomised at ≥ 50% level as high-risk.
Latent class statistics were applied using urine microscopy for schistosome ova, clinical investigation for sandy patches, Schistosoma PCR of urine and CVL, school prevalence by urine microscopy, and the output from the computer analysis.
In all but four of the 63 schools, prevalence based on a single POC-CCA was higher than that found by a single Kato-Katz examination, often considerably higher.
Furthermore, we used logistic regression with mean urine prevalence in the schools as the independent variable and presence of sandy patches by clinical inspection or by computer color analysis as the dependent variable (ORs were given for a 10% increase in school prevalence).
When analyzed individually, three of the five country test groups approached or exceeded 80% sensitivity at intensities of 10 EPG. Figure 3 presents a comparison of individual school prevalence levels measured by single specimen Kato-Katz testing versus single-specimen POC-CCA testing.
The performance of RDTs at the school-level was first investigated by plotting a cumulative plot of school prevalences based on RDTs alone and on microscopy-corrected results.
We used school-level data from schools in Uganda (296 schools, average prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni per school: 28% 16), Tanzania (143 schools, average prevalence of S. mansoni per school: 4.4% 17), Mali (454 schools, average prevalence of S. mansoni per school: 10% 18), and Cameroon (402 schools, average prevalence of S. mansoni per school: 7.3% 19).
Compared with controls, cases of BCC had more years of schooling, lower prevalence of diabetes and COPD, lower CCI scores, and higher user prevalence of azathioprine, glucocorticoid, other immunosuppressants, and thiazides (Supplementary Table 1).
