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They became the guiding principles of many logical investigations in the Warsaw School of Logic.
Modern scholars also recognize other philosophical traditions, including a Yogacara-Madhyamika fusion; a Tathagatagarbha (buddha nature) tradition, which emphasizes the inherent seed of awakening in all beings; and a school of Logic and Epistemology (pramana).
The school of logic, Nyaya, accepts verbal testimony, both human and divine, as a valid means of knowledge but notes that only the divine knowledge of the Vedas is infallible.
In 1920 Jan Łukasiewicz, a leading member of the Polish school of logic, formulated a propositional calculus that had a third truth-value, neither truth nor falsity, for Aristotle's future contingents, a calculus in which the laws of contradiction and of excluded middle both failed.
"We're pretty much committed to going down a particular road in the Middle East," says Vent, a graduate, like his real-life counterpart, of the White Queen's school of logic, "and it would be difficult to change that very much without people beginning to ask why we'd started down it in the first place".
The Warsaw School of Logic strongly emphasized the last property, often considered secondary.
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C. 901 - c. 1000 near Darbhanga Udayanacharya, (flourished 10th century, near Darbhanga, modern Bihar state, India) Hindu logician who attempted to reconcile the views held by the two major schools of logic that were the sources of the Navya Nyaya ("New Nyaya") school of "right" reasoning, which is still recognized and followed in some regions of India.
In the (b) examples, the fronted phrase is a topic rather than a focus (Haegeman 2000). 5. Within the schools of logic in India, the mutual annihilation of double negatives has a similarly long lineage; see Horn 1989 for references.
Brouwer founded an entire school of mathematical logic, known as intuitionism, to advance his views.
The best-known philosopher of the Navya-Nyaya, and the founder of the modern school of Indian logic, was Gangesha (13th century).
After offering his criticisms of Bhāvaviveka, Candrakīrti addresses the school of Buddhist logic and epistemology founded by Dignāga.
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