In their 1996 study, Armstrong and Collopy also analyzed data amassed by scholars to measure the level of competitor orientation of 20 major corporations, as stated by the companies themselves, and how the level of competitor orientation was related to the firms' after-tax return on investment (ROI) for five nine-year periods beginning in 1938 and ending in 1982.
Regarding individuals' attitude towards environments, the NEP scale, used by many scholars to measure individuals' environmental attitude (Corral-Verdugo and Armendariz 2000; Ahlheim et al. 2013; Atava et al. 2015), was adapted to explore villagers' perception of three important dimensions: human-nature connection, limiting growth, and human dominance over nature.
Scholars also measured changes in the electrical conductance of research subjects' skin, after they were shown images meant to trigger disgust — like a person eating a mouthful of worms.
Scholars say the measure has lowered California's ranking in educational spending per student.
Some legal scholars said the measure might have trouble gaining approval by the court.
Legal scholars said the measure would have violated the country's Constitution and the European Human Rights Convention because, among other things, it would have denied rejected applicants any appeals.
Mr. Barr agreed with conservative legal scholars that the measure, which was adopted with bipartisan support and signed by President Bill Clinton, could withstand inevitable court tests, though they cautioned that a wayward judge could overturn it.
House Republicans have also pushed a bill to overhaul how EPA obtains scientific advice from its panel of independent scholars, and another measure to boost public participation and agencies' data disclosure and analysis requirements.
Some scholars choose to measure risk perception based on a single dimension, such as the intensity of residents' overall feeling (He and Zhai 2015), the degree of threat to family assets and personal security (Lindell and Hwang 2008; Calvello et al. 2016), or the future possibility of a hazard occurring (Butler and DeChano 2012).
But in the absence of such far-reaching measures, scholars and advocates remain generally pessimistic that the wealth gap will narrow even as members of minority groups increase their share of the American work force.
