Thereafter Indian missionaries as well as Chinese scholars translated Buddhist scriptures and other writings into Chinese.
Later, when Muslim scholars translated this work into Arabic, they retained the word jiva without translating its meaning.
Dutch scholars translated Totowa, or Totua, as "where you begin"; other sources indicate it was derived from a Delaware Indian word meaning "between mountains and waters".
Most notable and first of these was James of Venice, who was in Constantinople and translated the Posterior Analytics, Physics, De Anima (On the Soul), Metaphysics, and several minor texts before or about 1150; other scholars translated anew or for the first time works on ethics, natural philosophy, and logic before 1200.
(I am following Dupont-Sommer's rendering. Other scholars translate these passages differently. I shall return to this problem later).
As a member of the National Council of Churches, Mr. Beardslee spent 16 years helping a group of scholars translate ancient texts to update the Bible.
Ukrainian scholars, translating the book, replaced references to Russia with Ukraine or other phrases, arguing that it better reflected Gogol's original manuscript, which he expanded and rewrote into the text most readers know.
Scholars translate the word here and in similar contexts as "truth", but doing so suggests that the issue was logical and epistemological, when in fact it was ontological and existential; for the philosophers, the goal of the quest for wisdom was transformation of the soul, and that could not be achieved simply by logic and argumentation.
In an early account, Sophocles wrote that Tereus was turned into a large-beaked bird whom some scholars translate as a hawk while a number of retellings and other works (including Aristophanes' ancient comedy, The Birds) hold that Tereus was instead changed into a hoopoe.
It is a hadith qudsi, which Muslim scholars translate as a divine saying revealed by God to the Prophet Muhammad: "And if [my servant] draws nearer to me by a handsbreadth; I draw nearer to him by an armslength; and if he draws nearer to me by an armslength, I draw nearer to him by a fathom; and if he comes to me walking, I come to him running".
