Our taxon sampling scheme spanned divergences of at least 40 [ 27] or 63 [ 19] million years based on the estimated average divergence between members of the subgenus Sophophora and the subgenus Drosophila (genus Drosophila).
In this research, the influence on energy balance of the discretization scheme of the divergence formulation of the bed slope term in the shallow-water equations is analyzed theoretically (for a single topographic step) and based on two numerical tests.
Different values of the main parameter controlling the discretization scheme of the divergence formulation are analyzed to identify the formulation which minimizes the energy variation resulting from the discretization.
In this clustering scheme, average nucleotide divergence across the 12 HR genes ranged from 1% to 2% within groups and 6 10% between groups (fig. 3).
All the three schemes avoid including divergence factor as in Ref. [Chaos, Solitons & Fractals 16 (2003) 37].
We present a constrained formulation of Dedner et al.'s hyperbolic/parabolic divergence cleaning scheme for enforcing the ∇·B="0 constraint in smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD) simulations.
It is, among other things, shown that for cases in which a field component is discontinuous along a grid line, as happens at general two- and three-dimensional material interfaces, the Yee scheme may exhibit local divergence and loss of global convergence.
The NDMD first applies a moving average convergence divergence (MACD) scheme to analyze received signal strength (RSS) samples of the current active interface.
Following the explicit scheme, we discretize the divergence component of our formulation as text{div}_{i,j}={cN}_{i,j}triangle_{i,j}^{N} + {cS}_{i,j}triangle_{i,j}^{S} + {cE}_{i,j}triangle_{i,j}^{E} + {cW}_{i,j}triangle_{i,j}^{W}.
Although solutions obtained with the cell-centered flux-interpolated constrained transport (FCT) algorithm and the divergence cleaning scheme (GLM) yield the same (correct) physical behaviour in the case of weak magnetic fields, FCT performs considerably better in the presence of strong magnetic fields.
