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Venezuela's central bank has not published a scarcity index since March, when it stood at 26.9%.
In January, more than a quarter of basic staples were out of stock in Venezuelan stores, according to the central bank's scarcity index.
Last month, Venezuela's scarcity index reached its highest level since 2009, while the 12-month inflation rate has risen to nearly 30%.
The central bank's own scarcity index, which measures the percentage of goods that are unavailable in shops, has reached an all-time high of 28%.
The central bank's monthly scarcity index hit 28% in January, meaning more than one in four of the goods it tracks was missing from the shelves.
Last month, Venezuela's scarcity index reached its highest level since 2009, while the 12-month inflation rate has risen to nearly 30 percent.
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In recent months the scarcity indices prepared by the Central Bank and private polling organisations have once again revealed widening gaps on the supermarket shelf.Hardest to find is cooking oil, but chicken, powdered milk and cheap varieties of cheese, along with sugar and meat, are also scarce.
New Zealand is ranked among the top ten countries of the world in terms of its water resources based on access to water, water quality (parameters: DO, EC, pH TP, TN), water stress and water scarcity indices (Emerson et al. 2010).
Other researchers have also attempted to apply various metrics for characterizing water scarcity, water stress index, and environmental flows to assess the environmental significance of ethanol's water requirements [37, 38].
This paper attends to provide a review of fundamental water scarcity and drought indexes that enables to assess the status of a water exploitation system.
The anthropogenic factors (e.g., water demand) and Environmental Flow Requirement EFRR) information are incorporated to quantify the water security in terms of scarcity and vulnerability indices.
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