These scan statistics were calculated using the geographical locations of the addresses (OS grid references of residence at birth or diagnosis) and temporal reference (date of birth or date of diagnosis).
The densities of Nissl-positive cells in the cortex and hippocampus of the scanned digital images were calculated using Image-Pro Express software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
Age-standardised adult CT scan rates (per 1,000 PY) were calculated, using the direct method in STATA IC, according to gender, anatomical area scanned, and provider setting in each year for the study period.
Microarrays were analyzed by laser scanning and the expression levels were calculated using commercially available software provided by Affymetrix [ 13].
Gestational lengths were calculated using prenatal scan data or last menstrual period dates if scan data were not available.
Cell density and cell size of foamed samples were calculated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of foamed samples.
Fluorescence intensities were calculated using UN-SCAN-IT software (Silk Scientific, Orem, UT).
When fibre-length distributions were calculated using a scanning electron microscope, however, it was found that the chrysotile clouds used in this study contained many more fibres over 20 microgram long than either of the amphibole clouds.
The rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions within the intein HEG domains were calculated using Syn-SCAN, a program found within the Resources section of the Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence database [ 38, 39].
The cow comfort index, stall standing index, stall perching index, and stall use index (SUI) were calculated using 10-min scan samples of video recording from d 8 to 10 of each period.
