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Scanning of the samples was achieved through the use of an electronically-controlled stage (x-y: Applied Scientific Instrumentation, Eugene, Oregon; z: Nikon).
Standard manufacturer protocols were followed for the amplification, hybridisation, washing, and scanning of the samples.
The Beckman Coulter Biomek FXP Automated Laboratory Workstation and Affymetrix GeneTitan MC Instrument were used for all sample preparation, hybridization, ligation, washing, staining and scanning of the samples.
Mass spectra and reconstructed chromatograms were obtained by automatic scanning of the samples in the mass range m/z 20 500 Da.
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During the vertical scanning of the sample surface the capacitor sensor of the beam measures the angular displacement of the rocking beam.
A terahertz time domain spectroscopy system was used both for transmission and reflection raster scanning of the sample.
Thus, larger samples can be imaging in a single exposure without need for scanning of the sample and detector in the new set-up.
Taking this advantage, it is possible to realize automatic scanning of the sample surface for measuring the vibration modality, while maintaining the measurement accuracy.
Such analysis was performed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) which allowed scanning of the sample surface with a 2-nm resolution up to a 100-nm depth.
The sample was placed on a piezoelectric translation stage (P562.3CL, Physik Instrumente, Karlsruhe, Germany) to allow axial scanning of the sample.
The scanning of the sample through the X-ray beam was carried out by a high-precision piezo-electric stage (PI, Germany).
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