The variation of the deposited elements was determined by means of a line-scan electron probe on the cross-sections of the samples.
The shell of bacterial is shinny in the scanning electron probe beam.
In order to elucidate the effect of plastic pre-strain on low-temperature surface carburization, optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA), microhardness tester and residual stress analyzer were used.
The line-scan electron-probe microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy on the cross sectional layering of the samples shows the distribution of the various elements and their composition according to the controlled deposition process.
Direct space imaging techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and (scanning (S) electron probe and high-resolution (HR) parallel illumination) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provide nowadays atomic resolution in detected images on a routine basis [1 4].
The coatings were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, scanning transmission electron microscopy, scratch adhesion testing and erosion testing.
The microstructure of corroded samples was also examined by scanning electronic microscopy and electron probe X-ray microanalyser.
The microstructure of these alloys was characterized by means of scanning electron microcopy, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction.
The composition, morphology and microstructure of the TiCN coating are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-analyzer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
The interfacial reactions between the glass and alumina were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy.
