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For flows at the micro and nano scales the surface to volume fraction is increased and therefore the behavior of fluids in contact with solid structures is primarily dominated by surface tension effects.
Parameter σ is the dispersion controlling the width of the Gaussian curve and it is obtained from the following equation: (3) σ = α A 2 π, where α is a constant factor which scales the surface under the Gaussian curve allowing to control the fraction of the total environmental space one single gene can cover.
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In nanometer scales, the surfaces states on the semiconductor surface will play a crucial role in determining the electron transport properties of nanostructures.
As the dimensions reduce down to sub-50-nm scale, the surface roughness plays a crucial role in determining the performance of the device.
Note that the conductivity of the top layer has been obtained by scaling the surface conductance map to a thickness of 10 km.
The SEM microphotographs were evaluated with the help of visual analogue scale, the surface roughness for group A = 0 very rough surface, group C = 1 rough surface, group B = 2 smooth surface, and group D = 3 very smooth surface.
On a sub-kilometer scale the surface of Callisto is more degraded than the surfaces of other icy Galilean moons.
At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material.
A square piece of graph paper (2×2 mm) was fixed on the stick to scale the surface of the ball.
Unlike A. subrubescens, these species have hairy scales on the surface of their caps, and the scales are darker than the spaces between the scales.
The addition of Al significantly improved the oxidation resistance because of the formation of protective alumina scales on the surface.
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