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The scales of fish, the projecting spines of echinoderms (e.g., sea urchins), the minute needlelike structures (spicules) of sponges, and the tubes of hydroids, all raised from the body surface, are similary protective.
I began to drink monsoons and winter mists, to lick up the first fat drops of thunder, to lie down naked on deep-sea sponges and rub my lips against the scales of fish … Shortly afterwards, he reaches a "roadside tavern" in a state of near-collapse.
Many animal species evolved some form of body armor, such as scales of fish and bony plates or osteoderms of reptiles.
But now a UK team has been able to show that much of the essential phosphorous in the dust is derived from the bones and scales of fish and other organisms.
The scales of fish originate from the mesoderm (skin); they may be similar in structure to teeth.
However, in fish-eating birds, stomach pH is low and periodically may be 0.9, which favors the dissolution of the bones and scales of fish (Zijlstra and Van Eerden 1995).
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It gives rise to so-called membrane bones the bony scales of fishes, the bony plates in certain reptiles and mammals, and the membrane bones of the vertebrate skull.
The coral shrimp, Stenopus hispidus, a tropical species that attains lengths of 3.5 cm (1.4 inches), cleans the scales of coral fish as the fish swims backward through the shrimp's chelae.
The stomach contents of this species also contained detrital materials, including plant tissue, sponges, a few scales, pieces of fish fin, and sand grains (11.5%).
Based on possible dromaeosaur coprolites from the Jydegaard Formation, which contained scales of the fish Lepidotes, Milàn and colleagues speculated that some dromaeosaurids were able to catch fish with the enlarged sickle claw on the second digit of the foot, similar to the "spear fishing" that has been proposed for the theropod Baryonyx and its enlarged thumb claw.
But what about those features — the peacock's tail, the elk's antlers, the fantastic colorings and intricate scales of tropical fish — which seemed merely ornamental?
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