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Intelligence and language were assessed according to standardized administration of age-appropriate measures: IQ was assessed with either the Differential Scales of Ability (DAS, ages 4 5 years) or the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI, ages 6 12 years) (Elliott, 1990; Wechsler, 1999).
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While such information was not in itself important for the purposes of this study, since this scale of ability measures also records the difficulty measures of all items on both tests, person anchors indirectly contribute to the calibration procedure.
The nonverbal cognitive skills of 86 children were assessed using the Wechsler Non-Verbal Scale of Ability (WNV).
Cognitive capacities were expressed as intelligence quotient (IQ) and assessed by the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability short version (WNV).
The Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability short version (WVN) will be used to assess children's intelligence quotient.
This assessment scale of ability to maintain balance both statically and whilst performing various functional tasks will be completed by the blinded principal investigator (BM) at week 12 and repeated for all patients at week 18.
To estimate gross cognitive functioning, both groups underwent brief baseline assessment with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT; Dunn and Dunn 2007), Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT; Williams 2007), and the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV; Wechsler and Naglieri 2006).
The cognitive ability of all children was assessed at 5 years of age by an educational psychologist using either the Wechsler Non-Verbal Scale of Ability (86 children; WNV; Wechsler & Naglieri 2006) or the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Third Edition (5 children; WPPSI-III; Wechsler 2002).
Just as with the emotional constructs discussed above, these concepts are often poorly defined, in fact, it has been argued that the use of the term "intelligence" to infer a continuous scale of ability in relation to learning is probably inappropriate as horses that perform well in one type of learning task may not necessarily perform well in another (see [ 47] for review).
Demographic patient data will be collected and the Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Abilities short version will be administered within two months of the interviews.
These two dimensions have also been defined as "scales" of spatial ability (Hegarty et al. [14]), with visualization being considered small-scale and navigation large-scale.
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