Because the integrand of Eq. (2) rapidly decays according to the distance between x and a, it is possible to ignore the contributions from distances greater than a given threshold value (i.e., several tens of kilometers); hence, the time scale of light propagation is in the order of 10−4 s.
The time scale of signal propagation, which is on the order of hours in butterfly development, is more consistent with a gene expression wave, although it would be possible for rapid repetitive electrical or calcium waves to induce a slow expression wave.
While a more rigorous analysis to determine the heat transfer velocity is yet to be discussed, this estimation is consistent with the conjectures of the characterisitc heat propagation velocity being on the scale of the sound propagation velocity of an order 103 m/s of both in a liquid medium [22] and in a colloidal medium [37, 38].
The experimental and numerical results suggested that, within the very short time scale of the pulse propagation, the water inside of a crack constitutes an elastic medium with viscoelastic damping.
In many broad-banded problems, computational efficiency is not merely desirable but absolutely essential to resolve the complex interactions between wave components with widely varying length-scales and different directions of propagation.
In Refs. [18, 19] the starting point was the explicit requirement that the system of artificial atoms (qubits) maintained quantum coherence on the time scale of the electromagnetic pulse propagation across it, in the expectation that the coherent quantum dynamics of qubits interacting with the electromagnetic field governed the 'optical' properties of the metamaterial.
Free energy landscape analysis thus provides a quantitative method to pinpoint the determinants of structural change on the atomic scale and also delineate the extent of propagation of the perturbation along the molecule.
The growth kinetics of Vero and MRC-5 cells were studied in iCELLis Nano, a commercial packed bed fermenter and roller bottle systems to evaluate the suitability of the bioreactor systems for large scale propagation of these cell lines.
So in this context the present study proposes an unique auxin free culture system for large scale propagation of A. vera, that substitute by addition of AvG a less expensive PGR-like natural complex.
with RAPD, AFLP and SSR markers did not show any polymorphism among R. damascena plants from various plantations in Turkey[ 8, 9] and Bulgaria[ 3], indicating that commercial production of essential oil is in fact done by large scale propagation of only one or very few genotypes.
