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The unit of the chemical footprint is "m 3 water needed to dilute the emissions to a no- or acceptable risk level", and can be used together with the actually available water volumes in a region as an easily communicated ratio and large scale indicator: values lower than one indicate sufficient safety for a studied area, and above one indicates an increased risk for chemical impacts.
The second variable is a 7-point scale indicator, ranging from 1 for strong Democrats to 7 for strong Republicans.
The contact force was measured by using an electronic scale indicator with a load cell at increments of 25 µm overdrive (OD) from the contact point.
The LIS approach developed here could be employed at a variety of scales in particular for large regions and could be adapted for use as a national scale indicator of habitat availability in heavily disturbed agricultural landscape.
To estimate independent and joint effects of cigarette smoking and the CYP1Al genotype on an additive scale, indicator variables were created for each category of joint exposure of smoking variable and the CYP1Al genotype (variant allele/variant allele or variant allele/wild-type allele).
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The search included the terms or expressions "score", "scale", "index", "indicator", "outcome", "composite", "construction", "development", "item selection", "validation", and "questionnaire", but excluded the terms or expressions "translation", "transcultural" and "cross-cultural".
As we describe below, most inputs of RHIS performance (technical, organizational, and behavioral factors) are measured through a series of continuous or Likert scale indicators, which are then used to generate indices following the PRISM analysis guidelines [ 18].
They are good local scale indicators of ecosystem disturbance in forested landscapes at both the short and long time scales, responding to both clearcut logging and fire differently.
We contend that it is now possible to list a group of possible multi scale indicators for stewardship, diversity and aesthetics.
McDonald's omega can be interpreted as the square of the correlation between the scale score and the latent variable common to all the indicators in the infinite universe of indicators of which the scale indicators are a subset [57].
E/CFA requires an analyst to pre-determine a number of factors and to estimate a model that loads all scale indicators on all factors.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com