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When considering the response of the indices across spatial-scales for both watersheds, certain historical curves showed a scale break, representing a significant change in the shape and slope of the curve (i.e. scale divergence).
This sensitivity condition captures the idea that in chaotic systems minute errors in experimental readings eventually lead to large scale divergence.
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The photon energy is distributed among several distinct bands, each having sub-25sub-25%y spreadictateded by the mrad-scale divergence of electron beam.
Red and green colors overlaid on the topographic map show scaled divergence and the absolute value of the rotation vector of the velocity of ground motion at the ground surface or on the seafloor.
Notwithstanding the localised genetic differentiation within the sample from North Wales (see Fine-scale divergence, below) individual model-based clustering did not uncover substantial spatial genetic structure across much of the coastal waters of Great Britain and Ireland (cf. Figure 1) and there was no pattern of IBD throughout the region.
A spatial expansion time parameter τ of 1.35 (95% C.I. = 0.94 2.72) was found, and the scaled divergence time t calculated for the divergence of the south-eastern and south-western lineages was 0.47 (95% C.I. = 0.26 1.21).
Values for Mmax (maximum value for the scaled migration rate) and Tmax (maximum value for the scaled divergence time) were the result of a sensitivity analysis to assess the Markov Chain convergence with different values for both parameters.
The value obtained for divergence time was converted to time in years using the formula t = t/u, where t is time in years, t is scaled divergence time and u is the mutation rate per site multiplied by sequence length.
Large-scale divergence between sockeye salmon populations in the Kvichak River may have initially evolved from historical contingency, followed by contemporary adaptation.
For Kvichak River sockeye salmon, it is feasible that neutral evolution has played a more prominent role than selection influencing large-scale divergence.
In this case, parallel to the large-scale divergence of treatment means of parasite load and virulence towards different adaptive peaks, local-scale selection may be operating to compensate costs of virulence.
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