At the local scale, bird population demography is most affected by factors that influence fecundity and recruitment, mainly food availability, weather, nest predators, and density dependent processes.
It is observed in many living organisms over a wide range of length scales: birds in flocks, sperm cells of sea urchins, bacterial colonies, and cytoskeletal filaments (Parrish and Edelstein-Keshet, 1999; Riedel et al., 2005; Schaller et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2010; Sumino et al., 2012).
On the author's fansites, visitors shared in the "eerie" coincidence of Underworld, DeLillo's 11th novel, featuring an image of the World Trade Centre on its cover, a not-to-scale bird flying spookily towards its upper floors.
The presented 3D fragmentation index can be used in applications describing 3D vegetation structure, classifying vegetation types, characterizing fine-scale bird habitat in three dimensions, or describing overall landscape characteristics.
Based on Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling, bird distribution pattern were strongly associated with habitat evenness and largest patch index for woodland at the 400-m scale and contagion index at the 400- and 1000-m scales in the two development types.
In the fields of remote sensing and geographic information systems, 3D rasters have been used with airborne lidar data to characterize fine-scale bird habitat [12] and with terrestrial lidar to characterize forest canopy fuel properties [20] and detailed tree models [21, 22].
Dhekelia, one of two areas on the island retained by the British once Cyprus gained independence, is host to industrial-scale bird trapping.
It has, for example, been established that the phenology of large-scale bird migration systems has changed in response to climate change, likely as a result of both plastic behavioural and life history responses as well as evolutionary ones [5].
Large-scale bird count data is a rich source of information on demographic processes that affect bird populations.
A total of 20 phylogenetically diverse species are included in Figure 3, which comprise closely related species pairs (penguins and finches) that illustrate genomic conservation at the fine and broad taxonomic scale across birds.
