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However, when the same four non-nematode phyla were used in conjunction with Gblocks analysis (thus removing divergent or saturated alignment positions), the Dorylaimia was instead recovered as the earliest branching clade.
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In qualitative terms, the change of sign in the PCC reflects a competition between two effects: an energetic attraction between DPPE-biotin and saturated lipids, favoring alignment of Lo domains, vs a curvature-induced repulsion of these lipids away from the actin fibers.
This process continues iteratively to less inclusive groups until sequences no longer appear saturated and these alignments are then stored.
Finally, ASATURA was used to remove saturated amino acid positions from the alignment prior to NJ tree reconstruction [ 11] using the JTT model.
Phylogenies were constructed using outputs from the Gblocks program [ 50], which selects conserved blocks from 18S alignments and eliminates poorly aligned sites and potentially saturated or overly divergent regions.
We use saturated arithmetic to ensure that extending an alignment with the maximum score retains that score.
Whether the cyanobacterial alignment (excluding the outgroup) was substitutionally saturated was tested using the program DAMBE [ 109, 110].
Secondly, unlike the more usual (1+1) REMPI probe of NO via the AΣ+←XΠ band, the transitions are not easily saturated, and this makes it easier to quantify alignment effects.
Diagram 4 shows the band alignment when only the first mode is saturated but not the second mode.
We used the method of observed variability (OV) sorting as described in Goremykin et al. (2010), which previously has been found to be efficient in concentrating saturated positions toward the most varied end of the sorted alignment.
One advantage to AHE, which we utilize here, is the ease of generating reliable alignments due to the paucity of gapped regions and saturated sites in the target regions.
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