The TLS measurements were obtained from saplings of two tree species (Quercus macrocarpa and Acer saccharum) and from an angle-adjustable cardboard surface.
Neither seedlings nor saplings of the three common and three characteristic focus species showed a significant effect from browsing.
In our analysis, when the life stages are separated into saplings and adults then DBH appears to affect survival of saplings for five of the eight species (no saplings were recorded for Maple and Birch).
For the conditioning phase described below (Experimental design), saplings of the eight species (≤30 cm stem height), whose roots had been infected by naturally occurring mycorrhizal fungi, were acquired from native stands by a local nursery (Nakanishi-shiseien Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan).
One particular pear tree, brought over as a sapling on one of the early settlement convoys, still lives and bears fruit; it is known as the Endicott Pear Tree.
To address this need, we examined the relationships between five site characteristics (aspect, slope position, site index, stand age and elevation) and the abundance of seedlings, saplings and adults of three species of oak (Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, and Quercus prinus).
Would-be avocado growers surely have visions of deep vats of guac and bottomless "deconstructed avocado toast" bowls dancing in their heads but even if they manage to score a tree from one of the country's stripped-bare garden centers, those delicious dishes will have to wait: It takes avocado saplings an average of three to five years to start fruiting.
In contrast, only one sapling out of four was lost when using a snatch block.
Liberation treatments included manual cleaning of competing vegetation around commercial tree saplings occurring in logging gaps, or spraying competing vegetation near these saplings with one of two herbicides (2,4-D or glyphosate).
Each pot contained two saplings of the same or different species; i.e., two Maytenus plants growing together (Maytenus-intraspecific), two Lycium plants (Lycium-intraspecific) or one Maytenus and one Lycium (interspecific).
