Because we are extremely lacking in epidemiological data on human exposure and health effects of nanomaterials at present, it is probably meaningful to elucidate this question for preventive sanitary control and health supervision during the creation and production of nanomaterials with special parameters.
Control and preventive sanitary programs for bTB eradication have been conducted for decades and traditionally focused on cattle, mainly consisting of culling reactor animals to the intradermal tuberculin test (IDTT).
Sanitary policy, including both preventive services such as vaccinations and health education, as well as improvement of environmental and housing conditions, has been the most significant aspect of Portuguese healthy public policy.
In developed countries the rapid ageing of the population has brought to the forefront the well-being of older subjects and emphasised the need to identify individuals at greater risk of adverse health outcomes, such as institutionalisation and death, to whom preventive social and sanitary measures should be targeted.
Through general preventive measures, such as sanitary education, environmental sanitation, hygiene, mental hygiene and sickness prevention "sanitary police" (polícia sanitária) aimed at governing the health of the nation.
Other efforts made in the later part of the 20th century included the establishment of special centres and programs, in both cities and rural areas, to provide maternity and child care, sanitary education, sanitary improvement of the environment, and preventive and curative medicine.
A questionnaire that contained questions on demographic data, sources of water, sanitary facilities, knowledge of participants about causes and preventive measures for schistosomiasis, STHs and malaria, and practice of children was designed and administered at the beginning of the main study (June 2004).
The sanitary disposal of human excreta is the most-important preventive measure.
This relation in increasing risk of respiratory infection and decreasing level of sanitary hygiene, re-emphasizes the importance of field environmental preventive measures.
Therefore, among the centenarians, the higher the ISF, the greater is the promotion of health as a preventive measure against infectious diseases [ 22, 23] and sanitary facilities [ 24].
