Schools should have to report the test performance of students in each racial and ethnic group, but sanctions based on one group's performance should be withheld until there is real evidence that disadvantaged minority students are being allowed to lag behind.
He may also invoke a waiver to exempt any country from sanctions based on national security considerations.
It granted Japan an exception to American sanctions based on evidence that Tokyo had reduced its Iranian crude purchases by about 20 percent since 2011.
Still upset about the N.C.A.A. sanctions based on the report, and what they say was the "false narrative" perpetuated by the news media.
But even a school average can wobble around its true value, so sanctions based on annual score changes run a risk of unfairness.
"Creating a government blacklist that imposes state sanctions based on political beliefs raises First Amendment concerns, and this is no exception".
The most important and contentious issue for the two sides is the agency's rule that provides for sanctioning based on documented proof.
We therefore have a "single sanction" based on a psychology of purity: any dishonorable behavior contaminates the whole community, so any violation of the honor code is punishable by expulsion.
Second, the United States and the European Union would relax sanctions based on the government's adherence to the deal and would set up an international conference of donors to support the material needs of the Syrian people.
The N.C.A.A. board of directors' decision to go outside its usual process for dealing with infractions, forgoing a long investigation, and authorize sanctions based on the findings of an outside investigation is considered unprecedented.
