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Z2 = 0 denotes welfare agencies with a sanction rate below the median and Z2 = 1 denotes agencies with a sanction rate above the median.
Z2 = 0 denotes agencies with a sanction rate below the median and Z2 = 1 denotes agencies with a sanction rate above the median.
Given the low average sanction rate on average, this is a large effect.
Within these agencies, the sanction rate amounts to 5.75%, compared to 4.01% in the remaining agencies.
To obtain a binary instrument, we differentiate between agencies with a sanction rate above the median (Z2 = 1) and agencies with a sanction rate below the median (Z2 = 0).
Z2 = 0 denotes welfare agencies with a sanction rate below the median across all 154 sampled agencies, and Z2 = 1 denotes agencies with a sanction rate above the median.
Similar(45)
There are some factors in the report's favor, however: There were other sanctions that appeared to work, of course (any sanction rated above 9 means that at least some aspect of the sanctioner's goals were achieved), plus we should remember that the list ends in 2008.
Another observation from the Oxford data is that sanction rates fall across the board in December.
Worse still, that has led to ministers and the media making statements about the supposedly low level of sanction rates, which are quite clearly misleading".
Only last month the minister for welfare reform, David Freud, refused to give parliament annualised sanction rates, saying it was too expensive.
In one borough - Fylde - there was a huge swing in sanction rates, from 1.6% of claimants to 11% within the space of 10 months.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com