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This chapter focuses on the increased delay in the control loop generated by digital controllers, explaining how engineers employing digital controllers should comprehend the impact of sampling delay.
During the information transmission process, the sampling delay created from sampling the impulses at some discrete instances causes the impulsive transients depend on their historical states.
When the sampling delay Δt decreases, we can assume the error Δ decreases too.
The effluent sampling delay time introduced by the dead space volume of the catheter outflow tubing was taken into account when the sample collection was begun.
The sampling delay was 1 h 15 min in runs 1 to 3 and 15 min for run 4, respectively (a sampling line with thinner diameter was available in this run).
Specifically, the SFO induces a sampling delay that drifts linearly in time over an OFDM symbol [21].
Similar(53)
According to Section "Stage 1: partitions sampling", we obtain values x ~ λ, k ( i ) for each partition λ = 1,…,Θ and each particle i = 1,…,N by sampling delay-Doppler bins from sensors u = 1,2 with probability ∏ u = 1 2 b j n ′, j ν ′, λ, u, k ( i ) given by (19).
A sampled delayed scheme is proposed to regulate the organic pollution level in anaerobic digestion processes by using off-line COD measurements.
The process of forming partitions from sampled delay-Doppler locations is explained in Section "Stage 1: partitions sampling" and illustrated in Figure3.
Initially, the reaction rate constant of a delayed reaction is set to a high value such that its waiting time is relatively small compared to the sampled delays.
This estimated impulse response has a low pass characteristic and it has a dominant peak at 7 samples delay with sampling frequency 8 kHz.
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