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Lack of cross-talk was confirmed by imaging samples where individual fluorophore-labelled probes had been omitted.
Therefore, the use of coded samples, where individual researchers do not have access to the identity of the donor, is now more common.
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Based on records from 1994 we assume that this is due to biased sampling, where individuals with ELW morphology were omitted.
Analyses with geographically selective sampling, where individuals would be sampled far from and in/near the contact zones, may be helpful to distinguish between the scenarios of divergence with gene flow and secondary contact, as the signal of gene flow could be reduced or eliminated when excluding particular individuals from or near contact zones (e.g. [ 40, 45]).
In order to measure this effect, we should evaluate the perceived naturalness of different audiovisual speech samples, where the individual qualities of the audio and of the video modes are constant and where a variation in multimodal coherence exists among the samples.
This information is generally derived from permanent sample plots where individual trees are monitored.
Imported log2-transformed exon intensities were subjected to one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) for comparison between the three biological replicates of each cell population, except glioblastoma samples where the 23 individual patient samples were treated as one cell population.
These findings were confirmed among field-sampled snails where individuals collected from a high-tin-affected site exhibited a greater incidence of imposex, higher free testosterone levels, and lower testosterone-fatty acid ester levels when compared with individuals sampled from a low-tin-affected site.
However, this approach is subject to biased estimates, especially with sparse pharmacokinetic sampling, where the individual predictions are susceptible to the problems of shrinkage.
We used the resulting two scores per sample as x and y coordinates in the "lineage plot," which allows us to visualize where individual samples fall along the treatment-induced trajectory.
To deal with label switching (where cluster names change between replicate runs) and with true multimodality (where individual samples switch clusters in replicate runs), we used CLUMPP (Jakobsson and Rosenberg 2007) to summarize assignment results across replicate runs.
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