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Additionally, the relative standard deviation (RSD) values for CSM samples were lower than those obtained by KSM (kernels sampling method) which indicates that the CSM is more precise and consistent.
Wear volume of the implanted and plasma nitriding samples were lower than the substrate.
The cadmium concentrations found in five samples were lower than the maximum permissible levels established by the World Health Organization.
The concentrations of heavy metals in the sediment samples were lower than those of the standard samples.
The OTA levels observed in roasted coffee samples were lower than 1 μg kg−1 with a mean range from 0.30 to 0.84 μg kg−1.
Microbial survival curves indicated the D-values of E. coli associated with frozen samples were lower than those in unfrozen samples.
The results showed the residuals of the outputs between the best ES model and simulation model for 100 testing samples were lower than 1.5%.
On the other hand, the specific wear rates of the irradiated samples were lower than those of the sulfur-vulcanized samples at all applied doses.
Tangential force coefficient (TFC) values exhibited by DLC coated samples were lower than those exhibited by uncoated specimens in both ambient air and Ringer solution.
After deinking treatment with different voltage conditions, the effective residual ink concentration (ERIC) index from the test samples were lower than the operation without voltage input, indicating the applied electric force promotes deinking.
The apparent activation energies (43 58 kJ/mol) of the x wt% Co3O4/3DOM LSCO (x = 0 10) samples were lower than those (59 67 kJ/mol) of the 8 wt% Co3O4/bulk LSCO and bulk LSCO samples.
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