The sites were calibrated using samples with normal copy numbers (Supplemental Material) and then adjusted for batch effects (Supplemental Material).
All scans were calibrated using samples of water, air, and a bone standard in order to allow consistent gray-level settings to be used when viewing the micro-CT images.
For each sample, values of δN and δC were calibrated using values from established laboratory standards, run every 12 samples, calibrated against NIST Standard Reference Materials IAEA-N1, IAEA-N2, IAEA-N3, IAEA-CH7, and NBS-22.
In initial development our typing methods were calibrated using the reference samples of known DEFA1A3 copy number defined by Aldred et al.[ 30] after pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blotting.
To ensure comparability of the results the tips were calibrated using an Au-coated Si sample.
Estimates of the substitution rate and coalescence times were calibrated using the radiocarbon ages of the samples.
In the two analyses using aDNA sequences, time-scales were calibrated using the radiocarbon dates of the 99 ancient samples.
In the second analysis, rate estimates were calibrated using the radiocarbon ages of the 51 ancient samples.
Before obtaining final ICDAS scores for analysis, examiners were calibrated using a sub-set of the whole sample.
Arrival times were calibrated using a Plexiglas block as a substitute for the tissue samples.
