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The bulk densities of the samples were calculated using their mass to volume ratios.
Colour strength (K/S) of the dyes samples were calculated using according to Kubelka- Munk equation.
Cell density and cell size of foamed samples were calculated using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of foamed samples.
The heavy metal concentration present in the solid waste and soil samples were calculated using the following relation.
Carbon contents in the samples were calculated using the indicated formula below: C g c m − 3 = B D sample × C %. where.
The compositions and relative contents of petroleum contaminants in the water samples were calculated using the square peaks normalizaion of the intergral regions.
The saturation indices (SI) of the major mineral phases in the investigated water samples were calculated using the software package (NETPATH-WIN).
In addition, the optical parameters including the refractive index and permittivity of the prepared samples were calculated using the UV Vis spectra.
The specific surface areas of the samples were calculated using the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method in the relative pressure range of 0.05 0.25.
The bulk density and particle density of the soil samples were calculated using the cylinder and picnometer methods, respectively Klute (1986).
The average crystalline sizes of the prepared samples were calculated using the Debye Scherrer's formula [35] as given in Eq. (1).
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