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The band energy gap of the samples was estimated using UV vis spectrometer.
Band gap energy of the samples was estimated using UV vis diffuse reflectance (DRS) spectroscopy and TCN composites were found to be active under visible light.
To facilitate the comparison, the % Cr VI) fraction in sorption samples was estimated using the XANES calibration curve.
The concentration of phenolics in the honey samples was estimated using a modified spectrophotometric Folin Ciocalteu method [17].
The amount of carbohydrate present in the samples was estimated using the anthrone method following the procedure used by Nazarli and Faraji (2011).
The oven dry density in terms of dry mass per fresh volume (g cm−3) of all collected wood samples was estimated using Eq. 8.
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After that, the salt parameters of 48 field samples were estimated using the online method and fitted against the actual measured values.
The macroscopic physical properties of the foam lining samples were estimated using an optimization procedure based on measured physical and acoustical data.
C/N ratios for PP and LP organic layer samples were estimated using the C/N ratio for the corresponding mineral samples and the relationship between values of mineral and organic samples of the other ecozones, with estimated values shown as a range (upper portion of bars).
The dislocation densities in the synthesized PbO samples were estimated using the following formula (Eq. 2).
Total proteins in the samples were estimated using the same procedure as for nitrogen.
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