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Phase composition of samples was defined using X-ray diffractometer Rigaku Ultima IV in monochromatic Кα-radiation of Cu-anode.
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Relative ages of reef samples were defined using the time of population expansion estimates.
Then, the geometry of the fluorescence emitting volume in the cobalt sample was defined using the confocal XRF configuration shown in Figure 1 by scanning the cylindrical capillary used for detection along the X-ray fluorescence emitting zone.
Immigrants in my Census/ACS sample are defined using the same criteria as was used in the CPS MORG sample.
A sub-resource of the US nearshore (151 separate sample sites) was defined using geometric criteria along the shoreline to identify small to medium embayment areas.
A representative sample of French population was defined using the quota method.
For sexual and asexual stage ELISAs, all samples from one individual were included on the same plate; a cut-off above which samples were deemed antibody positive was defined using a mixture model as previously described [27].
A cut off above which samples were deemed antibody positive was defined using a mixture model as previously described [25].
To calculate the representative land-use fraction of each sampling location, the contributing area was defined using an uni-directional 1 km vector line-buffer around the 'upstream' section of canal.
A cutoff value of 100 EU was defined using serum samples from individuals negative for H. pylori infection as determined by clinical, microbiological and serological assays.
Next, the portion of each image containing the pixels corresponding to the degrading porous silicon sample (ca. 1.2 × 105 pixels) was defined using a mask, Figure 2.
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