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Since both ELISA kits were not validated for bile samples, validation tests were run in order to determine if the kit reagents are suitable for this type of samples.
Four out of those fifteen genes were also included into the exclusive gene list, and further validated in an independent set of 19 biopsy samples (validation set) [ 23].
The PXRF detected some elements more effectively than others, but overall results indicated that PXRF can successfully predict water EC via quantifying Cl in water samples (validation R2 and RMSE of 0.77 and 0.95 log μS cm−1, respectively).
Bearing in mind that most promising candidates have to be tested in hundreds or even thousands of samples, validation requires quantitative, robust, (multiplex) and high throughput methodology.
The same method is then used to predict classes for new samples (validation set).
Prediction analysis of microarrays (PAM) was carried out as described [ 18] to discover subgroup specific genes (discovery cohort) and to classify samples (validation cohort, cell lines).
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Further confirmation of the findings was undertaken using ELISA methodology on a second set of 79 samples (Validation-2 Set), obtained from centre-1 from 33 PC patients, 28 DCs and 18 healthy volunteers (HVs).
Using logistic regression, 2 models were generated and validated using split-sample validation: (1) One limited to preoperative characteristics (preop model) and (2) one model including both preoperative and intraoperative characteristics (combined model).
It indicated by the cross-sample validation that this survey instrument had good construct validity.
I also validate the correction approaches using an out-of-sample validation test.
This displayed by the cross-sample validation that the survey instrument also had good construct validity.
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