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Because educational psychological research is heavily focused on young learners, samples typically do not differ in educational attainment.
Most measured variances will lie below this underlying value, as small samples typically do not capture the full variance of a population.
While blood (serum/plasma) is highly regulated in vivo and thus samples typically do not vary much, composition of urine samples may vary markedly, depending on physiological factors, such as nutrition, gender, time of day in addition to pharmacological/pathological factors caused by the kidneys maintaining body homeostasis.
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Delving into the complexities associated with conformational changes becomes necessary because the simplification into a single reaction coordinate in umbrella sampling typically does not allow for mechanistic explanations for larger structural changes being observed to be derived.
Calculating the probability from a set of samples is typically done by using a kernel density estimation (KDE) procedure [22], also known as a Parzen window method [23].
Analysis of key therapeutic targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in clinical tissue samples is typically done by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and is only subjectively quantitative through a narrow dynamic range.
Only certain types of analyses, such as the electron diffraction analyses conducted by the team, can discern tranquillityite, and samples of Earth rocks typically don't get such detailed scrutiny, he notes.
Indeed, the largest negative effects were at the inferior edge of the channel array and might be missed by many conventional montages, which typically do not sample these regions [ 23, 24, 34].
Since these samples were handled most often and since for example, high salt concentrations typically do not allow bacterial growth, it is assumed that the most critical steps are the non-sterile sample collection and the sample handling.
However, clinical systems typically do not offer the end-user access to the fine spatial sampling (i.e., smaller scan lengths) which provides the most accurate PSF representation.
In biological data, we typically do not know the exact set of transcripts and their relative abundance in a sample, using which we could calculate the JSD*.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com