Dr. Rodchenkov said that each night, a sports ministry official would send him a list of athletes whose samples needed to be swapped.
"You had athletes going to compete in Sochi still on their doping programmes, which is highly unusual, knowing that if they won a medal their sample would be able to be swapped in Sochi.
The Harrods tycoon believes that Paul's blood samples were swapped to portray him as a drunk in an elaborate cover-up by the establishment to stop Diana marrying Dodi, a Muslim.
The sophistication of Russia's operation, whistle-blowers have said, has made some athletes on steroids appear clean because incriminating urine samples have been swapped out or because athletes imbibed drugs with liquor to minimize the period during which the drugs can be detected.
This, said McLaren, provided "incontrovertible confirmation that the original samples had been swapped".
The performance was significantly reversed after the sample pattern was swapped from the two-dot sample to the three-dot-sample (p<0.001, Fig. 3a).
> -wrap-foot> To estimate the lower bound performance of ContrastRank in the discrimination between normal and tumor samples, we tested our method using a 2-fold cross-validation approach (CV Unseen) where the normal samples are swapped between the two subsets (Supplementary Methods 2.2).
The reasons for sample identity being swapped between individuals are diverse, and these events are difficult to pinpoint retrospectively with absolute certainty.
McLaren also confirmed allegations that steroid-tainted urine samples were swapped for clean ones in Sochi with the help of Russia's intelligence and anti-doping officials.
Less than a year later, the German was shoulder to shoulder with Putin to hail the "excellent Games" in Sochi, a $51bn show of excess and Russian success that as we now know was underpinned by an elaborate doping scam taking in steroid cocktails nicknamed Duchess, secret agents disguised as sewer workers, fake walls and a mouse hole through which dirty samples were swapped for clean ones.
