Likewise, the association in the boys of our sample of depression with lower academic performance, which could be seen as an indicator of the social position of the pupil in the school context, may also reflect a process of social comparisons among the adolescents.
These include adequacy of study design (prospective cross-sectional, observational, and randomized controlled trial with an adequate control group); recruitment of sample; ascertainment of depression and IR; and control for cofounding variables, such as age, sex, socioeconomic status, and BMI.
In conclusion, in the current relatively healthy primary-care sample, rates of depression in insulin-naive diabetes patients with vascular co-morbidities were not higher than in patients without vascular co-morbidities.
We used the sample size of depression since it is the common disorder reported in northern Uganda [ 33, 39] and this study being a baseline survey for an action research study, we needed to target more than one condition in addition to PTSD.
Different methodological problems were identified such as small population samples, different subtypes of depression and insufficient matching of patients and controls.
This pattern is similar to that of population samples where rates of depression are approximately the same for boys and girls during childhood, but diverge during adolescence when girls have depression rates two to three times higher than boys (10).
Unlike the original MoCA validation study, our sample was not a healthy control group but a community sample, which included those with a history of major (17% of sample) and minor (9% of sample) depression or bipolar disorder (1% of sample, see online supplement).
Patients scoring above cut-off on whichever scale they completed were defined as depressed, providing the overall sample of cases of depression.
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS) was designed to efficiently measure the core symptoms of anxiety and depression and has demonstrated positive psychometric properties in adult samples of anxiety and depression patients and student samples.
The results for the GDS indicated that 30.9% of the sample had symptoms of depression.
