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Cases and controls are sampled from a source population of unknown size.
In non-nested or regular case control studies, controls are sampled from a source population with unknown size.
Cases and controls in this study were sampled from a source population that consisted of veterans who received Veterans Health Administration VHAA) medical services and opioid analgesic drugs as an outpatient in the financial years 2004-09.
The main difference between a case-control and a nested case-control study is that in the former the cases and controls are sampled from a source population with unknown size, whereas the latter is 'nested' in an existing predefined source population with known sample size.
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These models assume haplotypes are sampled from a single source population and become ineffective when haplotypes are admixed.
The ability to detect subtle structure of haplotypes, particularly that among haplotypes sampled from a single source population, makes the two-layer model useful for genetic association studies.
Even among individuals sampled from a single source population, a set of local haplotypes might be enriched in one subset of individuals and a different set of local haplotypes enriched in another.
In fact, the two-layer model is also effective for haplotypes that are sampled from a single source population, where the upper-layer clusters represent subtle structure of more similar haplotypes that are represented by the lower-layer clusters.
In these studies both cases and controls can be sampled from a single-source population, typically defined by the initial presentation or suspicion of the patient.
are defined at discrete wavelengths, λ, and initiated photons can be sampled from a user-defined source spectrum or uniform wavelength distribution, S, within a defined waveband.
Because the colonisers are numerous and harbour greater genetic diversity, the re-colonised population will not experience a bottleneck, and because the genetic diversity is sampled from a range of sources, differentiation among populations will be decreased under this model.
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