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Each element q ti of the variation q t is randomly sampled from a zero-mean Gaussian distribution (N q_{ti}|0,alpha _i^{-1}),) the variance α t of which is randomly sampled from a Gamma (varGamma (alpha _i|a,b).) That is, p(q_t|a,b) = prod_{i=1}^{N_t}{int_0^infty{mathcal{N}(q_{ti}|0,alpha_i^{-1})Gamma alpha_i|a,b mathrm{d}alpha_i}}.
The allele substitution effect ai sampled from a gamma distribution may be positive or negative with equal probability, following Meuwissen et al. [1].
Sequence length was sampled from a gamma distribution fitted on gene lengths of bacterial genomes.
In the latter case, deleterious effects are sampled from a gamma distribution.
The QTL effects were sampled from a gamma distribution with shape parameter 0.4.
In the first, three QTL were randomly located along each chromosome with effects sampled from a gamma distribution.
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We generate artificial expression values for all expressed transcripts by sampling from a gamma distribution with shape α = 1.2 and rate β = 0.001, which captures the wide range of expression values typically found in a real sample.
The rate variability among sites was implemented by sampling from a gamma distribution, which was shown to capture well the rate variability in gain and loss dynamics among gene families (Cohen et al. 2008; Hao and Golding 2008b).
For each mutation at the QTL an additive effect was sampled from the gamma distribution with a shape and a scale parameter of 1.66 and 0.4, respectively [ 15].
Effects of the QTL alleles were sampled from the gamma distribution with a shape parameter of 0.4 and a scale parameter of 1.66 [ 10].
The allelic effects of the QTL alleles were sampled from the gamma distribution with a shape parameter of 0.4 and a scale parameter of 1.66 [ 7].
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