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Hanushek and Wössmann 2006, for instance, use a difference-in-differences approach to compare the mean and the dispersion of test scores before and after tracking in two samples of countries: a treatment sample with early tracking (before age 15) and a control sample where tracking occurs after age 15 if ever.
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And further, that the vast majority of lifestyle intervention evidence among cancer survivors has been conducted in healthier samples with early (not advanced) cancers.
Limited numbers of cells are available from samples that contain mixed normal and transformed (tumor) cells, which is a particular problem in tissue samples with early stage cancer [ 19].
Sorting patient samples by estimated parasite stage confirmed that the variant expression pattern observed was indeed driven by differences in parasite stage: clusters in variant group 1 were up-regulated in patient samples with early parasite stage and those in variant group 2 were up-regulated in samples with later parasite stage.
Using the gene expression datasets of 4,767 breast cancer samples, we found that the 51-gene signature (EPC1, Additional file 7A) was significantly upregulated in primary tumors obtained from patients who had late distant metastasis, compared with samples with early distant metastasis (P = 0.0009, Mann-Whitney U test, Figure 6B).
The researchers then compared new samples with earlier ones from Asia, where the Zika virus had circulated for decades, and from the South Pacific, where it began circulating in 2007.
A few studies utilized samples with early-onset or morbid obesity for discovery, and replicated previously reported association signals on BMI [7], [14] [16], or implicated specific genetic variants such as a recurrent 16p11.2 deletion [17].
These samples contrast with earlier samples from the Eurasian Steppe belonging to the Andronovo17, Sintashta17 and Srubnaya34 groups, which overlap Late Neolithic/Bronze Age individuals from mainland Europe34,35 and are shifted downwards in the PCA plot towards the early farmers of Europe and Anatolia34. Figure 4: Principal component analysis.
If multiple specimens were available for a patient, the nasopharyngeal sample with the earliest date of collection was used.
The survival analysis of our study clearly demonstrated that a high ADAM8 expression in the tissue sample correlates with earlier death.
Design: An interview survey of a population-based sample of women with early breast cancer.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com