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The relative expression levels of each sample were expressed as N-fold expression differences in the target gene relative to the GAPDH genes.
All RT-PCR reactions were performed using three biological replicates, and the data for each sample were expressed relative to the expression levels of β-actin by using the 2−ΔΔCT method [21].
All qPCR reactions were performed for three biological replicates, and the data for each sample were expressed relative to the expression levels of β-actin by using the 2-ΔΔCT method [ 63].
Data for each sample were expressed relative to the expression levels of recA or glnA by using the mathematical model described previously, which determines the relative quantification of a target gene in comparison to a reference (ref) gene between treatment and control samples [ 57].
When the relative levels of receptor expression within each sample were expressed as a DCC UNC5H ratio, a significant and dramatic shift toward UNC5H predominance occurred from PND21 to adulthood (Fig. 1C; one-way ANOVA: F 2,13) = 4.42; p = 0.03; post hoc Tukey's HSD tests revealed a critical q = 3.73, α = 0.05.
The results of the sample were expressed on dry weight basis except for bulk density, pH and conductivity.
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Gene expression for each sample was expressed as threshold cycle (Ct), normalized to the reference gene β- actin (Δ Ct).
The absorbance of the sample was expressed as absorbance value at 450 nm (n = 5 for each group).
With these corrections, the concentration of each element (C) in a sample was expressed by the model: C = A − a b 1 R F rep F dil (1).
The hemagglutination titer (one hemagglutinating unit) of a sample was expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution exhibiting visible agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes (Li et al. 2008).
The level of OPN in each cytosolic sample was expressed as a ratio to β-tubulin.
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