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To preserve axisymmetry, the center of the tissue sample was constrained to have zero displacement perpendicular to the channel axis.
First, the size of the sample was constrained by the small number of people in the service with sufficiently detailed knowledge to participate.
This contradiction might be due to the fact that our sample was constrained to include primarily low-income women; obesity may be more strongly related to income than race, ethnicity or educational level.
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The possible effect of high emitters outside the measured distributions from which we sample is constrained by the fact that Lyon et al.32 did not observe these component types to be high emitters (>3 10 kg per hour).
As a result, when the LCE sample is constrained at the two boundaries, the small deflection bending theory is no longer applicable, and we need to use the large deflection theory.
In this procedure, the freely estimated parameters of the validation sample are constrained to equal the estimates from the calibration sample and a chi-square difference test is performed.
Given the discrete nature of the 3D voxel space, it will be assumed that every sample is constrained to occupy a single voxel or discrete 3D coordinate and there cannot be two samples placed in the same location.
Following the procedure used in studies like PISA or PIAAC (OECD 2012; 2013), those item parameters that showed no significant difference for the German and Austrian sample were constrained to be equal for both groups.
Sampling was constrained by uneven spatial, temporal and archaeological representativeness of certain phases – for example the Aceramic (Pre-Pottery) sample from the Near East – yet this dataset comprises the best available cranial samples whose archaeological contexts and skeletal preservation facilitate their inclusion in these OTUs.
The selection of species sampled was constrained mainly by public availability of searchable complete or draft genome sequences.
Techniques that acquire the detailed 3D structure of real fabric samples are constrained only to model the scanned samples and cannot represent different fabric designs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com