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Moreover, as long as we assume that D does not affect E, we may even use a contemporaneous measurement of E to impute the value of E 0. For instance, if the cause of interest were some genotype rather than a fertility drug, hardly anyone would have criticized the use of a current blood sample to impute the genotype 1 year earlier because pregnancy status is not assumed to affect the genotype.
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The log-normal distribution with the estimated parameters was then randomly sampled to impute values < LOD.
By applying supervised classification, we are able to use qPCR results in a modest number of samples to impute copy numbers into a larger sample for which SNP array signals are available.
The basic idea is to consider the unknown Tij values as latent variables and to use sampling to impute their possible values given their underlying distribution and the interval to which they are known to belong.
We then generated 100 bootstrap samples of censored CO data for each case and, following Lubin et al. (2004), used maximum likelihood to fit the best-fitting model (as noted above) to these bootstrap samples to impute values for the nondetects.
Ueda (2013) also used KLIPS to estimate intergenerational mobility in Korea and employed a two-sample method to impute actual fathers' permanent earnings using sons' recollections of their fathers' educational levels and occupations when they were 14.
For a study sample with existing genotype data, such as array data from genome-wide association studies, a cost-effective approach is to sequence a subset of the study sample and then to impute the rest of the study sample, using the sequenced subset as a reference panel.
Information from the sample was used to impute values for patients in whom this information was not available by drawing a random values from those in whom details were available, stratified by operative procedure (open or lap) and operation undertaken (open, lap or conversion).
Figure S3 further supports this hypothesis by measuring the average distance, using the LD-kNNi methodology (d l, Equation 3), from the sample to be imputed to the neighbors being used in the imputation.
Standard k-nearest neighbor relies on the assumption that the most similar samples across the whole genome will be the best samples with which to impute any genotype.
It also enables novel variants distinctive to the study sample to be imputed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com